Dog dominance and aggression© Dr Joel Dehasse, 1999 - URL address: www.joeldehasse.com
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Dog
aggressive behaviour disorders and dominance aggression Dr Joël Dehasse, DVM, Behaviourist 3 avenue du Cosmonaute, B-1150 Brussel,
Belgium Lecture given at the 9th Annual General Meeting, 1st ASEAN Small Animal Scientific Confress - Small Animal Practitioners Association of Malaysia - Selangor Darul Ehsan (Kuala Lumpur) 18th September 1999 Summary Aggression is part of the normal behaviour package of a dog. Dominance
aggression is presented in hierarchical competition with people. It involves
anxiety. Treating involves a strategy. Frequently the treatment will combine a
therapy consisting of suppressing the dog’s access to the dominant privileges
and medication relieving the dog of anxiety or reducing impulsiveness and
dangerousness. Introduction Aggression is the most frequent reason to consult a behaviourist
veterinarian for a dog. Nearly 50% of all presented disorders include an
aggressive pattern. Of these disorders, several may be called dominance
aggression. The definition and treatment of dominance aggression will vary
depending on the overall model the veterinarian is using but specific
peculiarities are common to all models. Dog
behaviour disorders and pathologies There are two kinds of behaviour disorders: nuisances and pathologies.
Nuisances are normal behaviours inducing problems in the environment of the
dog, frequently with the owners. Pathologies are defined as the incapacity of
the animal to adapt to the environment with production of altered behaviour
patterns, causing an interference with the normal behaviours and social
interactions. AGGRESSION:
definition An aggression is a threat or a hit on someone's cognitive or somatic
integrity. Aggressivity is a reactive state with a tendency to produce
aggressions. Studying aggression implies to analyse the sequences of the
aggressive acts and to verify their wholeness, to identify the kind of
aggression and its context, and evaluate the control of the biting and
dangerousness of the animals in the environment where he is living. Authors have tried to put forward models to describe and predict
aggression. All these models are just … models and will vary with the thinking
school a behaviourist veterinarian is affiliated with. The behaviourist veterinarian
world has still to agree on definitions. To simplify complex things, let’s say
there are competitive aggressions and defence aggressions. Hierarchical
aggression is an example of competitive aggression. Irritation, fear, maternal
and territorial aggressions are examples of defence aggression. There are also
atypical aggressive sequences found in primary and secondary hyperaggressions
and in neurology related disorders. Table of contexts
and Agres02.htmand circumstances
of aggressions
Table of
sequences Agres03.htmof aggression.
DOMINANCE AGGRESSION Karen Overall (3) defines dominance aggression as “abnormal,
inappropriate, out-of-context aggression consistently exhibited by dogs toward
people under circumstances involving passive or active control of the dog’s
behaviour or the dog’s access to the behaviour”. This definition is mixing
notions of competitive and irritation aggression and is definitely pathological
because it is abnormal or out-of-context. The problem arises with the
individual who defines this inappropriateness. But the value of this definition is in the words “control” and
“access”. Access and control are definitely linked to competition. Control of
the access to a behaviour by an owner against the dog is linked to irritation
aggression. Both aggressions are more frequently seen in hierarchy disputes. Hierarchy It is impossible for a dog not to be hierarchised. The dominant has a
upraised and access to privileges (food, sexuality, social contact and
attention, space control, parenthood, resting place, leg-lifting). The
dominated dog shows a down posture and let the dominant have access to
privileges. The challenger is challenging a dominant figure. The hierarchy is
stable but dynamic, because it may change with the capacity of the dominant dog
to keep control on its privileges by postures and by competitive aggression. The hierarchical status is not defined by genetics, even if
aggressiveness and impulsiveness (both partly genetically determined) are part
of the capacity to control an access to a behaviour. The hierarchy results from
dyadic relationships inside a group (pack, family or interspecific
family-pack). Hierarchy disturbances arise from instability of the dominant figures
to control one or several privileges or from double contrary messages. If the
owners give an authorisation then an interdiction for the same situation,
context, access to a privilege or behaviour, then the dog has problems to
understand his place in the family-pack. Being submitted to these contrary
messages inside a system the dog cannot escape create anxiety. The dog
suffering from dominance aggression is also suffering from a generalised
anxiety disorder. Treating
hierarchy disorders It is quite impossible to treat dominance aggression without treating
the dog and modifying the system he is forced to live in. The frame of life
must be easy to understand and reliable. The dog must not have priority access
to the privileges of dominance. The owner(s) must have them. And (s)he (they)
must be able to keep them. This therapy has been called directed social
regression by Pageat (4). If the dog shows any sign of anxiety, a medication may improve his
state and his understanding of the new family-pack rules. Selegiline (at 0,5
mg/kg once a day) is a medication without any side effect and that may relieve
the dog of emotional or mood disturbances and of self-defence aggression. But
selegiline does not seem to help in competitive aggression. If the dog is
impulsive, a SSRI like fluvoxamine (at 1 to 2 mg/kg twice a day) (2) will be
more potent. If the dog is dangerous because of atypical or instrumental
aggression or feebleness of the system to control it, neuroleptics may be useful (under an expert authority). This is
only a two way treatment. In fact, the treatment will result from a whole
strategy (1).
References 1. Dehasse J. 1998. Stratégies thérapeutiques
(Therapeutic strategies). Proceedings of the 5th ESVCE Annual
Conference, XIXth SAVAB National Meeting, 29-32. 2. Dehasse J. 1999. Retrospective study on the use of fluvoxamine in
dogs. Proceedings of the AVMA, New-Orleans, July 12. 3. Overall K. (1997). Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Small Animals.
Mosby. 4. Pageat P. (1998). Pathologie du comportement du chien. Editions du
Point Vétérinaire, Maisons Alfort. KEY-WORDS Aggression, dominance aggression, fluvoxamine, hierarchy, selegiline.
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2002-01-18
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